Aug 2, 2012

Stylistic Characteristics of English Vocabulary


With respect to the functional styles, vocabulary can be subdivided into bookish (literary), which is typical of formal styles (scientific, official, business, publicist), and colloquial vocabulary which is typical of the lower style (colloquial). In addition, there is always present in the language a stylistically neutral vocabulary, which can be used in all kinds of style. Cf.:

child (neutral) — kid (colloq.) — infant (e.g. infant schools — official, bookish) — offspring (also bookish, used in scientific works); father (nt\A.) daddy (coll.) — male parent/ancestor (formal); leave/go away (neut.) — be off/get out/get away/get lost (coll., or familiar- colloquial) — retire/withdraw (bookish); continue (neutr.) — go on, carry on (coll.) — proceed (bookish, formal); begin/start (neutr.) — get going/get started/Come on! (coll.) — commence (formal);

Stylistically neutral words usually constitute the main member in a group of synonyms, the so-called synonymic dominant: they can be used in any style, they are not emotionally coloured and have no additional evaluating elements; such are the words child, father, begin, leave/go away, continue in the examples above.
Unlike neutral words (synonymic dominants), which only denote a certain notion and thus have only a denotational meaning, their stylistic synonyms usually contain some connotations, i.e. additional components of meaning which express some emotional colouring or evaluation of the object named; these additional components may also be simply signs of a particular functional style of speech. Observe, for example, the following connotations:
an endearing connotatione.g. in the words kid, daddy, mummy (as different from the neutral words child, father, mother); derogatory con­notation — e.g. in rot, trash, stuff (as different from the neutral 'something worthless or silly'); jocular/humourous — e.g. in comestibles (=food), beak (= nose), to kick the bucket (= to die); rude or vulgar, e.g. in shut up/shut your trap; ironical or sarcastic — brain-wash, a pretty kettle offish (= an embarrassing situation), notorious (his notorious jokes; he is notorious for his bad behaviour — approving evaluation e.g. in the word renowned (a renowned poet; Edison is renowned for his great inventions): on the other hand, its synonyms like well-known, famous are neutral in this respect (have no connotations).
It should be noted that we do not include into the stylistically coloured vocabulary words that directly express some positive or negative evaluation of an object — good, bad, pretty, ugly. Here the evaluation expressed makes up their denotational meaning proper (it represents the notion expressed by the word), but not an additional connotation. Also, it is easy to notice that words like ugly, awful, beautiful, wonderful, superb denote a high degree of quality (negative or positive), but this component of degree (of intensity) is again part of their denotational meaning, not a connotation (which is understood as an additional element accompanying the denotational meaning of a word).
As connotation proper (a special colouring), negative evaluation is present e.g. in the word scary (a scary girl —  both words have an ironic or derogatory colouring) or pretty — when it is used in phrases like a pretty boy/man (humorous, ironical or derogatory connotations;), or a pretty state (It's a pretty state of affairs when I can't afford the price of a pint of beer any morel). That's a pretty kettle offish; there is ironical connotation in the word cox-comb (literally), like in the corresponding, or in a cock of the walk.
There is a derogatory connotation in the words to fabricate, to concoct, as different from the neutral phrase 'to create a false story' (which expresses the negative evaluation by the denotational meanings of the words): there is a negative evaluative connotation in to slander — as different from emotionally neutral expressions like to distort facts, which again express the idea of 'falsification' directly. In the sentence Don't read this bad hook the negative evaluation is expressed directly (by the denotational meaning of the adjective bad), whereas in Don't read this trash the evaluation is expressed by the derogatory colouring of the noun trash — in other words, it is present here only as a connotation; thus, words like trash, rot, stuff (= "something worthless, bad") are stylistically marked, while the word bad is stylistically unmarked.
Apart from that, as was already mentioned above, the stylistic connotation of a word may be just a sign of a certain functional style to which the word belongs, without carrying any emotional or evaluative element. Thus, sentences like She is cute (= pretty), It is cute (= very good), It's cool contain not only a high positive evaluation (in the same way as the stylistically neutral variants She is pretty/good-looking or It is very good), but also a stylistic connotation which shows that they belong to the familiar-colloquial style, or even to slang. Colloquial connotations are also present in the phrases to fix a watch (neutral — to repair a watch), to fix an appointment for seven o'clock (= to arrange), to fix breakfast (American — to cook breakfast). On the other hand, a bookish connotation, or colouring (as a feature of official or scientific style of speech) is present in expressions like to cause/to inflict bodily injuries (neutral — to hit/to beat/to hurt), to cause/to inflict damage (neutr. to harm/to do harm), to impose a tax/a fine (neutr. to tax/to fine), an impoverished person (neutr. a poor person), highly improbable (neutr. very unlikely), etc.
A rude (vulgar) connotation is present in vulgarisms, or (aboo words, which are not to be used in the speech of educated people and are therefore often replaced by euphemisms — the more 'gentle' names of the object. Thus, the word 'devil' is, for many people, unacceptable in speech and may be replaced by phrases like 'the evil one', 'the fallen angel', 'the Prince of darkness', 'Lucifer, 'Mephistopheles'. The same concerns expletives (curse - wirds): damn, damned are often repiaced by the euphemistic darn, darned, dashed; bloody is sometimes replaced by blooming, blasted, blessed, ect.